Canine massage can be offered for relaxation, rehabilitation, or competition - "sports massage" - purposes. The benefit of massage to dogs is equivalent to the benefit experienced by humans. Massage therapy has many physiological effects for the subject. Animal experiments were conducted as early as the 19th century to document these effects. The physiological effects of canine massage include the following: • Improved circulation • Endorphin release • Increased toxin excretion • Relaxation and tension relief • Reduced stiffness helping to restore mobility to injured areas • Injury prevention by increasing range of motion and enhancing muscle tone • Improved athletic performance and endurance • Posture maintenance and balance • Improving mental focus and attitude • Healthy skin and coat